The Evolution Of Health Care - 1184 Words

What is quality in health care? We can divide it into three elements: 1. Care by practitioners and other providers which means receive correct diagnosis and an appropriate strategy of care from practitioners; and convenience, comfort, quite, privacy, food etc. from care providers. 2. Care Implemented by patient that means patient should take care not only for him or herself but also for his or her family. It is patient’s responsibility if he or she succeed or fail of getting health care. 3. Care received by community as the whole. People should judge the social distribution of levels of quality in the community. It depends on who has an access more or less to care and after having access, receiving it in good or low quality. The evolution of health care in the United States started over 300 years ago. It is divided into six main important eras: the charitable, the educational era, the insurance era, the government era, the managed care era and the consumerism era. The charitable includes period from about 1700 to about 1830. In the beginning of this period, health care was provided voluntarily in public houses mostly for needy citizens. Those who had money could afford seen or treated at homes. The firs hospital was built in Philadelphia in 1752, after about 40 years hospital in New York opened their doors for people who need a treat. At the same time in New York state passed licensure act that person who wants to practice medicine or surgery must have been examinedS how MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Health Care861 Words   |  4 PagesThe evolution of health care has influenced current health care systems using insurance companies in a number of ways. This evolution started almost a decade ago when there was need to transform the organization of health care system. Retail clinics have emerged to offer routine preventative and acute care services by non-physician providers, with predictable wait times, more convenient venues, and more obtainable prices. This article evaluates the evolution of the health care system and examinesRead MoreEvolution of Health Care999 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution of Health Care Information Systems Nancy Glaz HCS/533 February, 4, 2013 Sean Kern Evolution of Health Care Information Systems The introduction of Health Information Systems (HIS) to the health care industry has changed the delivery and reimbursement services in the United States (US). The history of information systems (IS) has enhanced communication between patients, providers, and insurance providers. Prior to the information age, health care use a paper method to maintainRead MoreHealth Care System Evolution1152 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care System Evolution From the Medicare/Medicaid focus, I will attempt to break this down from the evolution of the old to the influence of the current or present systems.   I would further consider the old concepts of supply and demand.   Health care is no different.   In early health care delivery, there was not much demand because there was not much known.   In many instances, patients werent as educated about healthcare and illnesses to know where to go to seek care.   This is evident byRead MoreEvolution of Health Care Information1106 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Information Systems HCS 533 January 10, 2011 Evolution of Health Care Information Over the last 20 years dramatic changes have occurred in the health care industry. â€Å"Health care technology has exploded over the last 20 years, not just in the arena of medical diagnosis and treatment, but also in the area of health information and documentation† (The art of patient care, 2008, p. 1). Two Major Events Twenty years ago, Riverview Hospital was limited with technology. The use ofRead MoreThe Evolution Of Health Care Industry876 Words   |  4 PagesThe evolution of health care industry has taken a taken a drastic turn for employers and healthcare insurance. This article outlines a comparison in the time period between 2001 to 2011 where health insurance was typically purchased for large organizations; yet drastically lacked in medium to small companies (Haislmaier, Moffit, Owcharenko, Senger, 2014). The large organizations typically would have 100 or more employees and the smaller organization less than 100. The trend was noted in economicRead MoreThe Evolution Of Health Care Technology1256 Words   |  6 PagesHospitals date back to over 2500 years ago in history. Yet, an important factor in the way hospitals run is the evolution of health care technology. Hospitals have been directly impacted from key technological advancements in the last five decades and present era. It al l started in the 1960’s up until present decade 2010. With each decade brings change and progression. With these significant changes as years pass, competition is on the rise and external factors pose problem for hospitals to overcomeRead MoreEvolution Of Mental Health Care Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Mental Health Care Mind over matter. To perceive is to believe. The way people think about a subject can largely effect the habits and matter of that subject. Dr. Emoto’s study of positive and negative intention using rice â€Å"sends a clear message that what we feel and say to ourselves and others has the potential to alter the very molecules surrounding us† (Curtin, Elise). Over the decades, mental health care has experienced a shift in perception to better care for patients becauseRead MoreThe Rapid Evolution Of Health Care1814 Words   |  8 PagesAlone ER The Rapid Evolution of Health Care By Steve Okhravi, MD, MBA, CPE July 16, 2012 Emergency care in the US is at a breaking point. Per data from The Institute of Medicine, over 1000 hospitals closed in the past few years because of the enormous cost associated with operation. There has been an increase in the number of visits to emergency rooms (ERs) to more than 120 million mostly due to those who are uninsured who, as a result, have a lack of access to primary care. As the number ofRead MoreEvolution of Health Care Systems1524 Words   |  7 PagesContracts and licenses Contracts and licenses are not themselves intellectual property and are generally considered to be a distinct discipline, not part of the same area of law as intellectual property. Nevertheless, contracts are essential to our system of intellectual property. They are the means by which you share intellectual property. Contracts and licenses are the means by which people let their intellectual property out in a controlled way. Importance Normal people interact withRead MoreHealth Care System Evolution Paper1313 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care System Evolution Paper This paper will discuss how HMOs have influenced current health care systems. HMOs have been able to reduce health care cost in many ways and have also faced many difficulties along the way. Many Americans years ago did not have health coverage and we are still seeing this today because of the cost of these plans. HMOs or Health Maintenance Organizations are health care plans that reduce health care cost. Members of an HMO are usually required to make a co-payment

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 1775 Words

Perinatal Transmission Adults are not the only population affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Children are also affected by this virus. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), in the United States, there is more than a 90% decline in children who are infected with HIV prenatally since the mid-1990s. This is due to HIV testing and preventive interventions. The most common route of HIV infection in children is through perinatal transmission. Perinatal transmission is when a mother passes the infection to her baby. This transmission is through labor and delivery, breastfeeding, or during pregnancy (CDC, 2013). In 2013, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated HIV perinatal†¦show more content†¦Breastfeeding In 2009, Mofenson et al (2009), stated the CDC criteria for laboratories to allow possible exclusion of the HIV infection at an early age is as such: A child who has not been breast-fed is presumed to be uninfected if he or she has no clinical or laboratory evidence of HIV infection and has two negative virologic tests both obtained at ≠¥2 weeks of age and one obtained at ≠¥4 weeks of age and no positive viralogic tests; or one negative virologic test at ≠¥8 weeks of age and no positive virologic tests; or one negative HIV-antibody test at ≠¥6 months of age. Definitive lack of infection is confirmed by two negative viral tests, both of which were obtained at ≠¥1 month of age and one of which was obtained at ≠¥4 months of age, or at least two negative HIV-antibody tests from separate specimens obtained at ≠¥6 months of age (Mofenson et al., 2009). Breastfeeding may or may not impact Virologic tests. It is an important decision for a HIV positive mother has to make for her infant. This decision can affect laboratory testing for these vulnerable children. There are other findings that suggest that when HIV-positive mothers exclusively breastfeed, it lowers the risk of postnatal transmission. In 2005, Iliff et al. stated when an infant 3 months of age born to an HIV-positive mother is introduced to animal milk and solid food before this age they are a greater risk of postnatal transmission. This transmission risk through postnatal

Operations Management Case Studies - 3758 Words

1. Introduction This report focuses on the case studies of the Levi Jeans workers and the California Auto Club reengineering customer service. It looks at operations management as a source for gaining a competitive advantage and overcoming potential problems experienced within and organisation or workplace. The questions to be reviewed are as follows: Jeans Therapy - Levis factory worker are assigned to teams, and morale takes a hit: 1. What went wrong with Levis move to teams in their plants?; 2. What could Levis have done differently to avert the problems?; 3. Devise a team incentive plan that you think might work; and 4. Do you think the need to move jeans production offshore was inevitable? Could Levis have done anything to†¦show more content†¦3. What could Levis have done differently to avert the problems? In 1993 Levis hired a consulting firm to analyse the problems, concluding the company should start from scratch and include all parties in redesign of pay structures and work processes. In hindsight, it is simple to say that Levis should not have phased out the old system as it seemed to be working. Having said this, with the introduction of the new system, there could have been greater emphasis placed on getting it right. What could Levis had done better? According to Keogh (2003), motivation is one of the most loaded nouns in the English language. It has an intrinsic negative, as well as positive, connotation and its trigger is different for each individual. In a corporate context, well-motivated employees can enhance a company. Those with poor motivation can generate serious workplace problems. 3.1 Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs In the late 1960s, Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchical theory of human needs. He set up a hierarchical theory of needs in which all the basic needs are at the bottom, and the needs concerned with mans highest potential are at the top. The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualisation. Each level of the pyramid is dependent on the previous level. For example, a person does not feel the second need until theShow MoreRelatedOperations Management : A Hotel Case Study922 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Operations Management: A Hotel Case Study† 1. What are the four areas of strategic planning? Describe each area. For a hotel to be productive, the operation manager and his team must consider four applicable areas of strategic planning which include: 1) facilities, 2) materials, 3) quality, and 4) technology. The first strategy is facilities management. This refers to the land and the design of the building and the way the services are set up within the building. When a hotel management looksRead MoreEssay Case Study on Operation Management1154 Words   |  5 PagesFinal case study on Fresh Salads Ltd: The Iceberg lettuce harvest Harvinder kaur ratol (1210240) University Canada West Professor: Chris Tabi MBA 510: Operations Management 23rd March 2013 Abstract This paper illustrates the importance and use of operation management in order to deal with different task within the one organization. It provides the information regarding the transformation process, operations objectives and company operations which helps an organization to perform variousRead MoreOperations Management and Management Science Case Study1723 Words   |  7 PagesOperations Management and Management Science Case Study Capacity Planning New Balance Athletic Shoes Summary James Davis is the president and general manager of New Balance Athletic Shoes. The Boston, Massachusetts based company began producing corrective shoes and arch supports in 1906. New Balance garnered a reputation for quality specialty footwear when in the 1950s it began producing running shoes for men. It is the beginning of 1978 and Mr. Davis has a number of important decisionsRead MoreCase Study : Operations And Project Management2796 Words   |  12 Pages Vivica L. Stokes Prof. Brian Dahl Course Title: Operations and Project Management Course Number: BUSN 6110 QDS22015 Date: May 30, 2015-05-30 Institution: Webster University â€Å"Quality Management – Toyota† Abstract Toyota Motor Corporation being the leading motor manufacturer in the world is now facing issues regarding quality management and there have been many cases in October 2009 when the initial recalls of Toyota vehicles in the United States of America was done. Toyota being its originRead MoreOperation Management - Case Study Analysis2196 Words   |  9 PagesAuthor: Diana Nagy, MBA FT 11, Grenoble Graduate School of Business Course: Operation Management Prof.: Alexander Fidanza Assignment: Custom Molds Inc. - case study analysis Submitted: November 2010 Custom Molds Inc. – Case Study Analysis 1. What are the major issues Tom and Mason Miller are facing? Looking at the workflow of Custom Molds raises several questions. First, customers’ complaints about delivery delays have increased. The voice of the customer always signals a problem. Tom and MasonRead MoreStrategic Operations Management Case Study1788 Words   |  8 PagesMGMT7.04 Strategic Operations Management Case Study 1 Due Date: 20.03.2015 Structure 1. Introduction 3 2. Hagen Style’s important operations resources 3 3. Hagen Style’s market requirements 4 4. Courses of action 5 4.1 Three alternative courses of action 5 4.2 Evaluation and justification of courses of action 6 5. Recommendation 6 References 8 List of figures 8 1. Introduction Hagen Style was a firm which sold kitchen equipment, tableware and small gadgets. It was a very strongRead MoreEssay on CDS Case Study - Operations Management3944 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿1.0 INTRODUCTION Operations management is defined as â€Å"the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver products and services† (Slack et al. 2010 p4). This encompasses the entire activity carried out within the organization. With increasing pressure on organizations to deliver optimally at reduced cost, the role of operations has been transformed from that of strategy implementer to one of strategy driver. Operations strategy looks at the patterns of strategic decisions and actionsRead MoreOperations Management Case Study on Bakery Essay4881 Words   |  20 Pages 17 Introduction This report is a case study about aspects of operations management involved in a bakery. The bakery was founded in 1960s. This is one of the famous bakeries known as Best bake in south of Bangalore. I have analyzed the operations management concepts and also few recommendations done in the necessity areas. As one of the oldest bakeries in the city, Best bake sets high standardsRead MoreWhole Foods Operations Management Case Study1794 Words   |  8 PagesWhole Foods Operations Management Case Study Assignment With the launch of the 365 brand, Whole Foods is hoping to target and bring in a younger, more hipster demographic of customers. Their hopes are that these younger, more price sensitive shoppers will grow with the brand, become accustomed to the organic, GMO-free selection, and will transition into customers of the regular, more expensive, Whole Foods stores as they grow in their careers and begin making more money. The most important challengeRead MoreCase Study : Air Transport Management And Operations2889 Words   |  12 Pages Air Transport Management and Operations Module AT502 TASK 3 Ben Matthews 30/10/14 CONTENTS Task 3: Perform a strategic analysis of your chosen airline. The analysis should take appropriate consideration of factors both internal and external to the organization. 1. Introduction 2. Main findings 2.1 Appraisal of airline’s operating environment 2.2 Appraisal of Airlines internal capabilities 2.3 Key Issues identification and analysis 3. Conclusions 4. References List 1. Task 3

Romeo And Juliet Literary Analysis - 1388 Words

One may think Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story, while others may think the play was written as a warning to Queen Elizabeth (Bearman). One can understand William Shakespeare’s ideas for his plays by exploring his influences for Romeo and Juliet, MacBeth, and Hamlet. Shakespeare wrote many plays, one of his more famous one being Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare used many sources to create his famous play Romeo and Juliet, one source being a poem named titled Romeus and Juliet (Weller). Romeus and Juliet was published about two years before Shakespeare was born (Weller). In Brooke’s article it states the poem is about two people, a man and a women from wealthy families. The man’s name is Romeus Montague and the†¦show more content†¦(Hurtgen). The story also mentions the love of marriage which is also found in The New Testament. The first chapter also examines Tzvetan Todorovs Structuralist models which is a structural approach to literary plat structure to show continuities between plots (Hurtgen). Along with stories, and Biblical influences, historical references were also made in Romeo and Juliet. In Bearman’s article she says there were many conflicts during the time Shakespeare was writing Romeo and Juliet. Conflicts such as Queen Elizabeth I coming to power, also the â€Å"holy war† which was the conflict between the rising of the protestant sect and the catholic church . Shakespeare was in a position as a writer where he could voice peoples opinions; but he was also in a dangerous position knowing Queen Elizabeth I could easily execute anyone who voiced an opinion too loudly (Bearman). There were other conflicts during Shakespeare’s time, such as the Danverses and Long families. The families disliked each other much like the Capulets and the Montagues (The Historical). The Danverses and Longs dislikes each other due to a murder that was committed. Two Danverses brothers murdered one of the Long’s men (The Historical). The two boys then proceed to escape England to avoid prosecution. The boys later returned to England attempting to overthrow Quee n Elizabeth I. When failing to due so one of the boys was beheaded for the murder of the Long’s man (The Historical). Shakespeare wroteShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet Literary Analysis1000 Words   |  4 Pages(Tzu, Lao). Romeo and Juliet, the story of two families, Capulet and Montague’s family feud which has created lots of fights within the streets of Verona, their children Juliet Capulet and Romeo Montague fall in love with each other, a love that is certainly forbidden and if their parents ever found out, how would it end†¦love between the families or more rivalry? Romeo changes over the course of the play by being dark and depressed, madly in love and then mourning over his loss of Juliet. At theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Romeo And Juliet1733 Words   |  7 PagesIn the tragic play of Romeo and Juliet, a distinguished play written by a world-renowned playwright, William Shakespeare, during the Elizabethan era, shows an ill-fated couples tragic demise. Shakespeare creates complex characters, such as Romeo, with layered personalities and characteristics through his use of language techniques to create invoking issues and dilemmas, such as who held responsibility for the wedded lover’s death; consequently engaging the audience in issues of high interest resultingRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Literary Analysis765 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a fictional book about the love of two star-crossed lovers who come to a brutal end due to their family fued. This book has been recreated in many different ways, whether it is the whole book or just a scene. It has been made into books, movies, musicals, posters, and plays. The author William Shakes peare published this book in 1597, yet still to this day, it is being recreated. Romeo and Juliet from Stratford Festival, Mercury Theatre, and the book itself are three examplesRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Literary Analysis1170 Words   |  5 Pagesmeanings and lessons. Romeo and Juliet is one of those great pieces of literature that was written in the 1590’s by William Shakespeare. In Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare shows true love and a short-term admiration between Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Rosaline, and Paris and Juliet. Therefore, this play shows true compassionate love versus a short-term affection. In the play Juliet’s parents, the Capulets, thought it would be a good idea to decide who was best to be next to Juliet for the rest of herRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Romeo And Juliet761 Words   |  4 PagesEverything But Time Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, revolves around the tragic story of two lovers who commit suicide for one another. The two lovers were parts of opposing households, the Montagues and the Capulets. Immediately enamored with each other after meeting at a party, the lovers swiftly agree to get married. However, a series of events causes Romeo to be banished, and in order to escape an arranged marriage Juliet fakes her own death. News reaches Romeo, who then kills himselfRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Literary Analysis1172 Words   |  5 Pagesmeanings and lessons. Romeo and Juliet is one of those great pieces of literature that was written in the 1590’s by William Shakespeare. In Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare shows true love and a short-term admiration between Paris and Juliet, Romeo and Rosaline, and Romeo and Juliet. Therefore, this play shows true compassionate love versus a short-term affection. In the play Juliet’s parents, the Capulets, thought it would be a good idea to decide who was best to be next to Juliet for the rest of herRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Play of Romeo and Juliet710 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet Literally Essay Romeo and Juliet is a play written in the late 1500s by William Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet, two star crossed lovers make their way to be together as they face challenges from their society, parents etc. In the beginning of the play the prologue introduces the tragic end of their love and thus bringing peace to their rival families. In act 2 scene 5 Friar Laurence a wise character in the play marries Romeo and Juliet in hope ending the rivalry between their familiesRead MoreTragic Hero in Othelo by William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American Society for many years. Compared to other Authors, he has a different style of writing but within his own writings, they are all very much alike. He has written many plays including Othello and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare was a man who wrote plays that followed the same literary conventions. These conventions included tragic hero, fallacy, irony, and also suspense. A tragic hero is a male figure who is high in society and one who always has a tragic flaw. Most of them are rich and intelligentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1236 Words   |  5 Pageskindly feelings towards others and generally positive thoughts. It is a word that we use to describe our emotions of affection, devotion, fondness, and friendship. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet centers around the epic, yet tragic, love of two adolescents. With Shakespeare’s use of figurative language and literary devices, he creates a central theme that love, no matter how strong or sweet, is poison. The term poison, although not commonly associated with love, is connected to the emotion by theRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis1647 Words   |  7 PagesDavies, Anthony. The film versions of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare Survey 49(1996):153-162 Web. 22 May 2017. 1. In this Journal articles by Anthony Davies, he attempts to trace, compare, and analyze the play of Romeo Juliet’s life throughout cinema. To do this, Anthony does a close reading of four different films directed by Cukor, Zeffirelli, Alvin Rakoff, and the BBC. With these films, Anthony delves into them while dissecting specific scenes to compare how they are different or similar

Sustainability Accounting and Accountability †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Accounting and Accountability. Answer: Introduction In essence, sustainability reporting can be considered to be an important part of attainment of maintainable worldwide economy and this essentially has turn out to be a standard practice of businesses of this current era. As such, the way of sustainability recording can enhance overall liability of corporate procedure and therefore can increase trust, enable the procedure of value sharing process based on which a more cohesive community can be developed. Moving further, this study also elucidatesaccounting standard that can explain directives for sustainability recording and the accounting language that declares the regulations. Additionally, this study also aims to evaluate the case of Wesfarmers and systematically evaluates the sustainability reporting exercise in the corporation. Influence of standard AustralianAccounting Standards Board (AASB) essentially does not indicate towards the fact there is no specific responsibility that can be associated to maintenance of sustainability. Nevertheless, AASB is also mindful of obligations to reduce undesirable influences. Nevertheless, AASB essentially does not execute and handle any type of discretionary program, nonetheless, (Information Publication Scheme) (IPS) suggests to adjust the structure of information that can mainly respond to varied requests for accessibility. Annual report of particularly AASB mentions the fact that sustainability reporting on moneys of public sector sticks to explicit dictates of IPSASB announced by (Suggested Practice Guideline Reporting on Sustainability in the Long-Term of a particular Entitys Finances) during the FY2013. Therefore, announcements on sustainability can be witnessed as a process of delivering important info that can help patrons to evaluate financial, environmental in conjunction with soci al value of a business concern. In essence, this can be regarded as the triple bottom line process of reporting. In itself, sustainability reporting helps in delivering rough draft of specific values, morals, doctrines of corporation (Drever et al. 2012). Accounting Language As correctly put forward by Frias?Aceituno et al. (2014) the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants declared during 2006 and thereafter modified during 2008 was essentially declared byAccounting Professional as well as Ethical Standards Board also referred to as APESB. In essence, this essentially presents different requirements of business concerns to stick to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). In addition to this, survey conducted by KPMG indicates that maximum number of businesses necessarily implements GRI and makes use of different regulations for the purpose of sustainability reporting. Schlegelmilch (2016) opines that reporting structure of particularly Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) essentially serves intent as well as purpose of generally accepted structure for basically reporting on social performance, environmental, economic factors of a corporation. Moreover, GRI structure need to be used by different business concerns irrespective of size as well as location (Globalreporting.org 2017). Sustainability reporting can be reflected as a suggestively developing movement and there are definite leading companies that deliver superior revelations of varied non-financial information. Guidelines on Sustainability reporting requires detailed elucidation of the report content that yet again can help in warranting quality of provided information. Again, GRI framework also contains different indicator protocol indicating performance indicators stated in the directives (Tervonen and Kutvonen 2015). Addition to this, GRI reporting also helps in determining four different factors that need to be disclosed and considered. Particularly, these factors mentioned as per GRI reporting are inevitably inclusiveness of different stakeholders, completeness, materiality as well as suitable context of sustainability. So, reporting framework essentially assimilates economic, social and environmental factors for the purpose of reporting. As rightly indicated by Wagenhofer (2016) consideration of the factor of materiality refers to inclusion of particularly reasonableness as well as estimable impact, risks as well as returns identified by correct investigation by different individuals with noticed proficiency in this specific turf. Moreover, inclusion of identified stakeholders can be regarded as a significant factor of GRI structure. Furthermore, GRI framework also considers sustainability setting that essentially contains detailed comprehension regarding sustainable progress, objective along with reachable information alongside diverse proportions of sustainable development (Bebbington et al. 2014). Consequently, declarations of corporations essentially have the need to properly elucidate the way diverse sustainability topics can be linked to corporations plan, risks together with prospects. This too comprises of the completeness factor in which business concerns have the need to consider complete chain of businesses that is both upstream as well as downstream (Globalrepor ting.org. 2017). Analysis of the case of Wesfarmers Limited Essentially from the sustainability report of the firm Wesfarmers Limited, it can be hereby observed that the corporation continues to generate values for different future actions. However, in other words, it can be hereby said that the company Wesfarmers makes commitments towards proactive management of the community along with environmental influence. This can be broadly categorised as under: People: In this case, the management of Wesfarmers essentially believes in maintenance of relentless focus on delivering safe and secure place of work (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Moreover, diversity present at Wesfarmers also concentrates on creation of comprehensive work environment by special attention on diversity of gender in addition to inclusion of specific Aboriginal along with people of Torres Strait. Sourcing: Particularly, process of sourcing engages providers as well as ethical ways of sourcing that has to be considered by the corporation Wesfarmers Limited. Essentially, providers/suppliers also make commitment towards creating strong together with enduring relations with diverse suppliers/providers. Apart from this, ways of ethically sourcing intends to carry out the activity of sourcing in an accountable manner by closely working with different suppliers and enhancing social along with environmental exercises (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Community: As per the sustainability report of the firm, Wesfarmers Limited necessarily makes positive contribution towards the entire community by pledging towards deliverance of product safety in an effectual manner. Environment: According to the sustainability report, it can be hereby mentioned that the management of the firm Wesfarmers Limited attempts to lessen the overall emissions from the operations of the firm. In addition to this, the management also makes attempts to augment the resilience to alterations in the climatic conditions. Besides this, waste management and use of water for lessening the waste for specifically land filling as well as water use to the extent possible (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Governance: The management of the corporation Wesfarmers Limited intends to maintain vigorous corporate governance strategies in different aspects of business actions. The management Wesfarmers Limited pledges to generate value for different investors, societies along with employees employed in the corporation. Essentially, this business concern believes in generation of long-term value and serve the communities in best possible manner. As such, sustainability refers towards proper comprehension as well as management of the ways that can make certain appropriate execution of activities for creation of values in the close future (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Other than this, this business concern is also certain of minimizing carbon footprint from their operations and providing probable solutions by supporting clients as well as community all together. Again, this act can assist in unceasingly enhancing superior performance level as publicly reported in given yearly sustainability report. Wesfarmers Limited has improved transparency of different actions in the entire supply process in over and above 3200 workshops in specific audit activity. Again, corporation also focuses on principled sourcing such as maintenance of transparency in the supply chain. Again, this assists in solidification of the associations with different potential suppliers by warranting positivity in functional activities of the firm (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Issues that can be recognized in the sustainability reporting of Wesfarmers Limited The administration of Wesfarmers is dedicated to proactively handle entire community along with influence of the environment. The business concern Wesfarmers Limited necessarily follows ten significant notions that can be linked to diverse sustainability issues and considered material aspects. Nevertheless, evaluation of the sustainability declarations of the business concern replicates the fact that there are however room for enhancement for safety performance in addition to safety initiatives (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). As such, this indicates towards appropriate execution and observing of the nurse on call service, implementation of hazard identifying app, inspection of execution and performance of particularly Safety Activity Book and voluntary program such as Injury Care 1300 among many others. Unceasing enhancement of the current work safety activities can assist in lessening of fatigue linked to vehicle accidents. Management of corporation Wesfarmers essentially d elivers diverse opportunities to all the workers of Wesfarmers for augmentation of job performance and augmentation of career. In addition to this, the corporation also presently distributes around 59% of the entire wealth for the purpose of pay-out of wages along with salaries together with other perks as well as benefits to all the employees (Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au 2017). Furthermore, the corporation Wesfarmers Limited also works towards resolving of issues of the relations of the workplace by procedure of maximization of diverse flexibility arrangements to the entire labour force as well as coverage under collective agreements. Sustainability declarations of the company Wesfarmers declares regarding positive influence of the corporation towards community particularly in which corporation operates and manner in which it consistently provides harmless products to different clients that adheres to Australian Consumer Law (Jianu et al. 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that sustainability pronouncements by different companies can create clearness, support market to operate ably, specify complete well-being of entire country and can direct towards overall progression of corporation towards maintainable along with all-encompassing growth rate. This study scrutinises standards of accounting that in turn can help in illustrating different decrees for sustainability pronouncements. Besides this, this report also expounds thoroughly impress of sustainability reporting, overall implication and consequence in conjunction with the important notions of sustainability reporting. Furthermore, this study also proposes helps in scrutinizing the operations of Wesfarmers and analytical assessment of sustainability reporting exercises in the corporation. References Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Drever, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Raar, J., Sofocleous, S. and Ravlic, T., 2012. Contemporary issues in accounting. John Wiley Sons Australia. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting. Business strategy and the environment, 23(1), pp.56-72. Globalreporting.org. 2017. Global Reporting Initiative. [online] Available at: https://www.globalreporting.org [Accessed 15 May. 2017]. Jianu, I., ?urlea, C., and Gu?atu, I. 2015. The Reporting and Sustainable Business Marketing. Sustainability, 8(1), 23. Schlegelmilch, B. B. 2016. Global Marketing Ethics and CSR. In Global Marketing Strategy (pp. 195-220). Springer International Publishing. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. 2017. 2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au Tervonen, N., and Kutvonen, A. 2015. Genuine Sustainability: Opportunity Cost and Outcome Uncertainties in Sustainability Development. In ISPIM Conference Proceedings (p. 1). The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM). Wagenhofer, A. 2016. Exploiting regulatory changes for research in management accounting. Management Accounting Research, 31, 112-117.

Fear Essay Example For Students

Fear Essay FearDo all living things fear something? Those with minds surely have many and various fears, but even the simplest organisms must have fear, for fear is such a powerful feeling. Fear is all around us and is felt in every corner of the earth. Fear is the emotion or feeling that a living creature gets when its physical or mental life is interrupted by a change that causes the creature concern. We humans especially, fear many different things: death, disease, old age, commitment, noises in the night, pain, responsibility, work, being too fat or too thin, or any number of other things. Some of our fears are reasonable and rationale, like the fear for our safety so we lock our doors at night, never walk alone on dark streets, and turn on lots of lights to keep the boogie man away. We fear for our health so we diet, exercise, and eat only healthy foods. Our fears can also help us make wise decisions: where to live, what to do with our money, how to raise our children, even what kind of car to drive and whether or not to drive it. Our fears may be sudden like when your kid brother jumps out behind you and yells boo. Peoples fears can be built up over a long period of time, for example, during the cold war millions of people thought that at any moment they would be attacked by the Russians, so they built bomb shelters because of that fear. Some of our fears come straight from ou r imagination. They may appear irrational or silly to others but fear, real or imagined, is still fear. Change goes hand in hand with fear, for change is the cause of all fear. Even positive change can leave one in fear: the first day of school, a new job, moving day, a wedding, the birth of a child. Change, the process of all growth and life, is greeted generally with a feeling of fear. Fears seem to sneak up on us, drenching us in sweat sending our heart rate rocketing, leaving us quaking and shivering. Some fears we see coming and our body and mind prepare to fight or flee. We understand those kinds of fears and can use rational thinking , stress reduction, and plan our actions to combat those fears. Various things help reduce our sense of helplessness, which is a common emotion experienced with fear. One of the things we fear the most is the loss of or lack of control. Even if we really dont have control, we like to think we do, and when we lose that sense of control, fear rushe s in. For example, an alcoholic will say I can quit any time; Im in control. The fear comes when he realizes for the first time that he is an alcoholic and that he is not in control. We all fear uncertainty and the unknown. We arm ourselves against it with candles in the dark, or faith against the uncertainty of death. Then, when we think weve conquered our fear, it comes invading our minds again, let in by a smell or a taste, a sound or a thought Fear is always there, just waiting right under the surface, to awaken those memories which frighten us the most. Fear can come anytime in the silence of the night or in the bright glare of the day. Fear cannot be conquered. We can, however, learn to acknowledge it, respect it, and live with it. Fear makes one think of those who in the face of fear stand courageous and yet still face their fears. Courage becomes the means to see and feel the fear and still go on knowing you are afraid. I used to be afraid of many things; I still would like to run away from many of my fears but, Ive learned to examine my fears and live with them the best that I can. I have a nightlight in the bathroom so I can see if I wake. I wear my seat belt for protection, and sometimes I look in my closet before I go to bed. 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The Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Group Research Essay Example

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Group Research Essay Focus groups are a prominent method of enquiry, regularly used within the field of social science and in particular, qualitative research. The focus group practice involves a number of participants having an open discussion on a specific topic, set by a researcher. The researcher acts as a moderator to aid discussion by using probes to collect desirable data. This process is recorded and transcripts are used to interpret and analyse given information. Carson et al (2001, p. 114) refers to focus groups as â€Å"A research technique that collects data through group interaction on a topic or topics†. They also suggest that the central distinctive characteristic of focus groups is group interaction, which generates a mass of data, which would be inaccessible without using focus groups. Focus groups are used in many industries to collect ideas and understanding. Carson et al (pg 8) suggest that groups as a social research tool have been used for some time but the term ‘focus group’ was established in the classic study, The Focused Interview by Merton et al (1956). Merton’s study influenced the creation of the procedures that are now accepted as common practice in focus groups. Although this particular method possesses a substantial number of strengths, focus groups also occupy a number of weaknesses that disadvantage the researcher and limit findings which can be discussed in relevance to theories. Firstly, Dawn Snape and Liz Spencer (2003, p. 3) propose that it is important to define the practice of qualitative data before discussing the implications of it. They also suggest that qualitative research is difficult to define and can never entirely be classified. We will write a custom essay sample on The Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Group Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Group Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Group Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They infer that there is a wide consensus that qualitative research is a naturalistic and interpretive approach, with an emphasis on the understanding of the meanings which people attach to phenomena. This point is supported by Alan Bryman, he comments: â€Å"The way in which people being studied understand and interpret their social reality is one of the central motifs of qualitative research. † (Bryman, 1998, P. 8) Snape and Spencer refer to qualitative research as a complex, subjective and observational approach which takes focus on participant’s frames of reference. There are no rules or single accepted way of exerting qualitative research, the methods are dependent on; ontology, the beliefs regarding the social world and epistemology, the beliefs regarding the nature of knowledge. In addition, qualitative research draws on philosophical, psychological and sociological ideas in order to search for in-depth data to aid the explanation of social phenomena. The key argument of qualitative research is that human behaviour is not simply driven by external forces; humans actively contribute to the construction of their own social world. The central purpose of qualitative research is to explore meanings by interpreting data, rather than searching for specific answers by quantifying empirical data. A major critique of qualitative research is the fact that everyone is different and holds and creates their own schemas, so therefore there can be no definitive answer or explanation. The history of qualitative research is also important to acknowledge, in order to place focus groups into context. Traditionally, social science research imitated natural science methods in an attempt to create universally accepted laws. Social science suppresses many philosophical underpinnings, which influenced this consensus. There were three key people implicated in these underpinnings, each pursuing the idea of the previous. The first key philosopher was Rene Descartes (1596-1650), an empirical researcher. In his book, Discourse on Method (1637), Descartes suggested that the search for the truth could be completed by using methods of objectivity, in order to accumulate observable evidence. Following Descartes was another key philosopher, David Hume (1711-1776), also an empirical researcher. Hume also believed that objectivity, as well as unbiased and direct observation, could produce substantial empirical evidence. Lastly, Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a sociologist and empirical researcher, proposed that the invariant laws apparent in natural science were also present in matters of social science. Comte implied that research methods used in natural science were also appropriate to the study of social science and phenomena. Comte influenced 20th Century research paradigms, which resulted in a school of thought called positivism. Positivism states that only observable phenomena count as knowledge. Positivism also promotes scientific research methods and empirical testing of hypotheses. Positivism encouraged the formalising of quantitative research methods, collecting numerical data. However, other philosophical perspectives challenged positivism. Immanuel Kant, (1724-1804), a philosopher, suggested that there were other ways to understand the world. He believed knowledge could be acquired through interpretations and experiences. Other perspectives, such as that of Kant, consequently led to the employment of another school of thought called interpretivism. Interpretivism promotes subjective understanding of meaningful experiences. Interpretivism encouraged the formalising of Qualitative research methods to overcome the limitations that quantitative research possessed. The use of focus groups as a qualitative and interpretive method of enquiry comprises of a number of strengths and weaknesses. One of the most prominent strength of focus groups is the ability to collect both new and rich information. Carson et al (p. 114) suggest that the new results that focus groups produce could not be possible with other methods of enquiry as they do not allow the same sense of exploration. They argue that focus groups are an exploratory and developmental method of enquiry, not limited to just listening to what people have to say but by using interpretation skills, generates insights into the sources of certain behaviours and perceptions. Furthermore, Carson et al (p. 115) argue that focus groups can contribute information that may help to; obtain pre-conceived ideas and stimulate new ideas on, help to diagnose former or potential problems, generate further research ideas and establish how participants discuss and construct their own schema of phenomena. Additionally, they believe that meaningful construct is interpreted from the highlighting, exchanging and revising of opinions, perceptions and differences. Another strength of focus groups is the depth of understanding of the generated information. Carson et al (p. 115-116) imply that depth of understanding enabled by focus group allows a deeper appreciation of the phenomenon. They also outline the fact that focus groups bring together and allow the analysis of diverse opinions rather than a single one, which would generate from other methods of enquiry. The discussion of these opinions, which allow participants to share their own ideas and listen to others, creates a type of forum. This allows the researcher to note the response of one participant to another. As a result, the researcher is at an advantage as they have no need to speculate about differences in participants and data as this is evident within the focus group transcript. Ritchie and Lewis (2003, p. 87) agree with this theory as they imply that allowing the participants of a focus group to refer to their own personal experiences influences them to build upon what other participants have said and refine their own view, this creates a more in depth discussion and findings. However, Silverman (2001, p. 221) argues that researchers should not rely on experience to count as knowledge: â€Å"The assumption that ‘experience’ is paramount is not at all new†¦to focus on ‘experience’ alone undermines what we know about the cultural and linguistic fo rms which structure what we count as ‘experience’. Furthermore, another prominent strength of focus groups as a research tool is flexibility and group interaction. Flexibility and group interaction is the most fundamental and unique aspect of focus groups. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 175) suggest that group interaction is a major strength of focus groups as it allows an open and energetic discussion built on motivation and enjoyment. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 188) also propose that these conditions allow a more truthful debate, which are more in depth and passionate. Ritchie and Lewis explain that group interaction enables participants to work together, quickly developing a ‘synergy’ which allows greater depth of insight into even the most challenging of subjects. This confidence allows the participants to dominate the focus group procedure thus allowing them to determine their own narrative, helping to expose the culture and values of each individual. Ritchie and Lewis describe this strength as â€Å"the most productive phase of the group process. †(Ritchie and Lewis J, 2003, p. 176) Carson et al (p. 16) agree with Ritchie and Lewis by suggesting that â€Å"interaction is a unique strength of focus groups and should improve the quality of the ideas and opinions generated†. They propose that the participants act upon their own comparisons and ideas rather than relying on the moderator as a medium of discussion or speculation. Carson et al further their explanation by emphasizing that the vital strength of focus groups, as a qualitative and interpretive research tool, is its capacity to expose intricate behaviours and motivations. Carson et al infer that this strength is a simultaneous reaction to group interaction. Furthermore, the role of the researcher within this interaction is also advantaged. Ritchie and Lewis highlight the fact that the role of the researcher in the group is more active and physical than in interviews. Denzin and Lincoln (1994, unknown source) agree by stating: â€Å"Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. † This quote infers that they believe that focus groups allow the researcher to situate themselves and get involved. This is a significant strength of focus groups as it allows the researcher to actively listen then act upon given information by using appropriate probes to gain further or richer information. However, this theory is over shadowed by a weakness of focus groups, the lack of control and high level of unpredictability. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 116) state that sometimes it is difficult for the researcher to dominate a focus group. Participants can easily move from the focal topic of discussion to a topic that they would prefer to talk about; this may have no relevance to the phenomena being researched. Never the less, group interaction, according to Ritchie and Lewis ( p. 175), allows prominent socially accepted views, behaviours and norms to be revealed to the researcher. Ritchie and Lewis refer to this feature as a potentially valuable aspect of data as it allows the researcher to assess the context and vulnerability of the participant’s ideas. However, it is important to note that this data must be monitored and compared to transcripts later on, as the participants generally become more comfortable with expressing less confirming views. This is evident in a prominent weakness of focus groups called demand characteristics. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 185) suggest that participants may realise the intentions of the researcher and as a result give them information that they think they want, instead of their true opinions. This can cause false interpretations and therefore invalid information. Furthermore, Ritchie and Lewis discuss real or imaginary pressure, which can also cause problems; â€Å"a common criticism of focus groups is that the group exerts a pressure on its participants. † (Ritchie. R and Lewis, J, 2003, p. 88). Participants may feel the need to give politically acceptable answers, feel under pressure to conform to other participants or adjust their views to fulfil social norms; this can cause inconsistency in the findings. None the less, another suggestion of why group interaction is a primary strength of focus groups is it allows the advantage of group diversity. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 188) consider tha t group discussion can reveal differences and diversities between participants which awards the researcher with a key opportunity to explore group diversity. Ritchie and Lewis believe that delving into diversity and dimensions of difference can both explain and explore causes, effects and consequences. Additionally, they suggest that by using heterogeneous rather than homogeneous participants, the resulted discussion can provide different perspective and views, which should need no persuasion by the moderator to be aired. However, too much diversity can result in weak data. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 190-191) also discuss that too much diversity can actually inhibit discussion. For example, major diversities in socio-demographic makeup, such as social status, of a group of participants can influence how open the group are. Participants may feel uncomfortable, threatened by others or anxious about the response they may receive. This weakness may make it difficult for the researcher to cover key topics in depth. Ritchie and Lewis emphasise the need for a balance in diversity of the participants Another strength of focus groups is the advantage of a good sample. By using certain participants within a focus group a researcher can gain strong results. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 192) suggest that using participants, who know each other or hold some type of relationship, can trigger pre existing memories which are extremely valuable for exploring and interpreting shared meanings. Furthermore, this set up can create a feeling of a safer atmosphere for participants to air their views or opinions. In comparison, using a sample of strangers can also be comforting for the individuals as they feel they may never see the other participants again therefore feel no need to hold back. However, a weakness in sampling is also present. Ritchie and Lewis (p. 192) note that a substantial problem with using a preconceived group of participants is group norms may dominate, limiting the openness of discussion. Furthermore, they state that any shared meanings may not be expanded on enough, as they may be taken for granted. This may result in the meanings having no value at all. Additionally, strangers may hold back discussion too much and fail to develop a ‘synergy’. The last strength of focus groups as a qualitative and interpretive method of enquiry is the advantage of saving time and money. Carson et al (p. 116) explain that the same number of participants used in other methods of research, such as interviews, can contribute information in the same or less time within a focus group as the latter are conducted in a group setting, rather than in repetitive and tedious, individual settings. Additionally, analysing and transcripts of information only need to be completed once. Consequently, this also saves the researcher money too. All fees are only payable once, such as room hire, or recording equipment. However, Morgan and Krueger (1993) criticise this account by stating that recruiting willing participants for focus groups can be both time consuming and costly unless participants are easily accessible. Many people are reluctant to take part without an incentive, refreshments and even paid travel, which can also be costly. In conclusion, focus groups as a qualitative and interpretive method of enquiry possess a substantial number of strengths and weaknesses. The main advantages are the collection of new information, the depth of understanding, group interaction, strong samples and savings in time and money. However, these strengths are also over shadowed by a number of weaknesses which could interrupt the consistency of data. However, as Carson et al (p. 117) suggest, the mass of advantages of focus groups easily outweigh the disadvantages. This may be because it is evident that focus groups as a method of enquiry, achieve more insight and depth of understanding than would individually be generated. Furthermore focus groups hold a unique strength, group interaction, not found in any other method. Finally, when evaluating the quality of results from a focus group, it is important to remember, as Ritchie and Lewis (p. 196) explain, that the most stimulating and successful focus groups come with experience.