Psychological and Sociological Insights Essay

This essay leave al unity manoeuver how psychological and sociological insights succor hold backs to look wellness bearingstyles by exploring liveness sciences, focusing on tidy sum who pursue in sess and how they seem to revolutionize the fact that they be lay their health at essay. In addition to this I impart also be highlight statistics and briefly discussing the health complications that develop from bemuse. Consequently, it is distinguished for confines to understand how commonwealth function, approximately(prenominal) so when they are healthy so we select sex how to suffice when a health line arises. Functioning as a soul involves loving and psychological aspects, as fountainhead as having functioning body systems. oer the decades there lose been m any(prenominal) divergent explanations on how heap function, this essay testament discuss psychological and sociological ideas that wind instrument concur contains an understanding of mas ss deportment, thoughts, feelings and life-styles. For this purpose, this essay will be reflecting on the psychological perspectives of favorable teaching supposition, wild optimism and the health mystify locus of health.Secondly, it shall be discussing the sociological perspectives of socio-class and secondary-incomes and accessibleisation to discover wherefore stack whitethorn bound to bay window and why people protract to pinhead crafty the risks involved. Ironically, as recent as the 1940s locoweed was enume reared harmless(prenominal) and the boilers suit perspective of people was that spate relieved tension just now research has since corroborate that locoweed ca mappings many diseases ruinous to ones health such as shadowercer, cardiovascular and lung diseases. Smoking is a great cause of close and disability than any single disease, says the World wellness institution (WHO). According to WHO, weed is responsible for abtaboo five million deat hs military personnelwide all(prenominal) year (WHO, 2012). Presently, in the United terra firma locoweed is the leading cause of death with 120,000 people dying annually callable to weed united diseases and costs the discipline Health Service (NHS) the sum of 2.7 cardinal to countenance health main(prenominal)tenance for people with incur up related ailmentes (Department of Health, 1998).Even so, people free lead to eng mature in this life threatening deportment scorn knowing the dangers and risks that it involves. consequently, as nurses we need to address how addictive smoke is to some item-by-itemistics (Rana, Upton. 2009) this house stoop the health choices people rile. Health psychologists travail to predict how people make choices about their life-styles. According to Albert Banduras theory (1965,1991) on kindly acquire suggested that learning croupe occur non completely by association, reward and habitation besides also by observing others doings and by imitating it and does not require the soulfulness to be actively involved in the learning process (Barker, 2007) this is referred to as vicarious learning through modelling. The social learning perspective implies that smoking behavior is wise(p) by modelling and social influences (Rana, Upton, 2009).Statistically, most foragers start smoking as jejuners (Payne, baby-walker 1996) and children are to a greater extent(prenominal) kindredly to flock if their parents shutout and their parents attitude to smoking is an authorized factor (Action on Smoking and health, 2011).Valente et al (2005) suggests that one of the principal(prenominal) agreements for adolescents to start to spate is the influence of peers and siblings and parents chiefly become less influential ( Rana, Upton, 2009). Therefore leads us on to social influence, this refers to the look in which peoples behaviour is influenced by the presence and challenges of others (Cialdini, 2004). Desp ite knowing the health risks of smoking, young people hushed conform to engage in smoking as the turn of events of young people who smoke remains the same (ASH, 2012). some will manage to quit scarcely a good percentage will endure to smoke for decades, this increases the risk substantially in developing illness and earliest death (Department of Health, 1998) even though 7 out of 10 adults say that they would like to give up merely continue to smoke, the reasons for continuing they say it is a delegacy of make do with stress, a way of relaxing and women seem to be anxious with putting on excess weight.Understanding when and why the individual started to smoke and the reasons for continuing offer help the nurse understand more about the individuals lifestyle. The nurse can then offer patronage and advice on how the individual can use different strategies change them to overcome these hurdle race and promote the health improvements of quitting smoking. In an attempt to explain why individuals continue to ravish their health by continuing to smoke, Weinstein (1983, 1984) suggests that the reasons people often engage in sore-eyed behaviour is due to the individuals perceptions of risk and skill are inaccurate (Rana, Upton. 2009). A field of view carried out by Weinstein, he asked subjects to try on a list of health problems and to rate their chances of developing the problem, compared to others of the same age and sex.The publication of this study showed that most of the subjects believed that they were less in all likelihood to develop the health problem. Weinstein called this phenomenon unrealistic optimism, as he argued that not everyone can be less likely to develop an illness (Ogden, 2007). He claims that individuals ignore their own health risks and smokers convince themselves that they are not at risk of developing illnesses, as much as other smokers. Many smokers have the belief that if there is not a problem now there will not be on e in the future and their lifestyle continues knowing the risks. This model can be apply in nursing to help the nurse to understand the attitudes of most smokers. Understanding the attitudes the nurse can help promote healthy lifestyle choices by providing the individual appropriate nurture about the impact that smoking has on their health. Reasons for continuing this lifestyle can be explained using the Health Locus of reign (HLC), peoples attributions about health and illness.For instance, Wallaston & Wallaston 1982, states that internal control is when individuals tend to run into the control of their health there province by believing that their health and convalescence of illness are dependent on their own actions (Payne, Walker. 1996) or they believe it is bulge to fate or luck this could relate to people that continues to smoke. Whereas orthogonal control is when the individuals believes their health is not controllable by them and is controlled by powerful others, fo r example doctors and nurses and are less likely to take their own action and believe that it is the responsibility of external factors. The health locus of control has been shown to relate to whether the individual changes their behaviour towards smoking. External individuals who wish to give up smoking will largely be more complying to change their lifestyle and seek advice and help from health fright professionals more so than internal individuals (Odgen, 2007).Nurses can apply this model to people with external HLC who are considering giving up smoking by providing the appropriate information enabling the individual to seek help from the in stock(predicate) sources and gain alongside them to devise a programme in which will benefit them (Rana, Upton. 2009). The sociology perspectives look at the social world and differences in lifestyles that can influence the individuals health. Studies have shown that inequalities in health is not just down to ones behaviour but displays a connection to the social and economics and environment all of which influence peoples lifestyles (Taylor, Field. 2007). The Black Report 1980 inevitably frame that poor health and earlier deaths are the magnitude to socio-economic inequalities (Denney, Earle. 2010).The socio economic classes are still divided as the prevalence of smoking regular among people who guide manual jobs are more than likely to smoke more so than people that work in non manual jobs ( Action on Smoking and Health, ASH. 2012), (appendices 1.1). Smoking prevalence is an important element of the differences in the state of health and death rates between social classes and remains high among men and women in the pocket-sizeer socio economic group (Richardson, 2001). As nurses we need to be aware of the social world in which we practice, understanding the differences in how people live will reckon the lifestyle choices they make (Marsh, Keating. 2006). Nurses must consider the factors underlying the socio e conomic differences in smoking such as occupational status, income, education, caparison and environment. It may be considered that the decision to smoke is influenced by social factors and social circumstances of the individual.The behaviour of smoking is often linked to poverty and illness, as the poorest family group- single parents have the highest rates of smoking an 80% chance of existence smoker if you fall into this social class (Crosier, unknown). Marsh and McKay (1994) reported that people who are living on low income are most likely to smoke least able to quit smoking least able to afford smoking most likely to suffer increase hardship due to the expenditure on tobacco (Richardson, 2001). The debate about women and smoking illustrates this well. Despite over the past decade, the number of people smoking has declined but plainly has shown a small decrease in women smoking, yet the differentiation between the workings and middle class women has increased (Nettleton, 20 06). research into women in low income families with young children, smoke as it is a means of a coping strategy to help escape with the multiple demands that are placed upon them. whole meal flour (1987) found that mothers on low incomes used smoking as a coping strategy that could provide time out. The mothers where all aware of the health risks associated with smoking so providing more education was supposed(prenominal) to have an impact (Scambler, 2008). The nurse would, however, have to address that the added pressure for the mothers on low incomes, to give up smoking may cause more stress and could lead to additional health implications, as a result this could have a prejudicial impact on their lives (Bury, Gabe. 2004).It is the nurses role to address this issue by providing appropriate nutrition and information on alternative slipway of coping with stress, whilst retaining their autonomy (Naidoo, Wills. 2004).Socialization is more often than not the main reason for peop le to start smoking, as 82% of adult smokers started smoking in their teenage years (ASH, 2012), as adolescences are more than likely to indulge in risk taking behaviour such as smoking, to create a sense of belong to a peer group (Clarke, 2010), this currently becomes a regular daily smoking pattern, sustained by nicotine addiction but is reinforced by social norms (Ewles, 2005). It is a nurses role to help change of attitudes of the jr. society by continuing to provide education on the addiction of nicotine and health risks of smoking and prevention of disease.The Department of Health brought about The egg white paper Smoking Kills (1998) as they accepted the health issues of smoking and that one of their main concern was the rises in children /adolescences smoking, Appendices 1.2. They have put in measures to reduce smoking among the younger generation by minimilising tobacco adverts in shops, proof of age cards were introduced and the age to purchase tobacco has risen from 1 6 to 18 years old. Although in widely distributed we are living healthier and hourlong lives due to the overall improvements that has been made end-to-end the past decades there is still mode for improvement in health inequalities inside the top and bottom ends of the social scurf (Clarke, 2010). To conclude, nurses need to understand the principles of psychological and sociological insights to health lifestyles.As a result, this helps the nurse understand the reasons why people involve to take up smoking and continue to smoke, leading a lifestyle that is detrimental to their health. From exploring these life sciences the nurse will have a better understanding of the different attitudes, health beliefs, thoughts and feelings that differ within the socio-economic classes, this gives the nurse the ability to deliver the holistic draw close relevant to the individuals needs.As nurses by providing care to people, more often than not we do not share the same set and beliefs and m ay not agree with the life choices people have made but gaining an insight to their lifestyle will in turn enable us to provide the appropriate support, information and treatment. Nurses are cause to promote good health behaviour but this does not always work towards smoking, many people will take the advice and may try to quit smoking (Appendices 1.3) but due to demands of life some have a tendency to start again but we must shed light on as nurses, smoking is an addiction and is not easy to give up it, so we have to respect the individuals lifestyle choices without being judgemental.